
Article I
Definitions
In these Rules the following expressions have the meanings hereby assigned to them respectively, that is to say,
(a) "carrier" includes the owner or the charterer who enters into a contract of carriage with a shipper;
(b) "contract of carriage" applies only to contracts of carriage covered by a bill of lading or any similar document of title,
in so far as such document relates to the carriage of goods by water, including any bill of lading
or any similar document as aforesaid issued under or pursuant to a charter-party from the moment at which such bill of lading or similar document of title regulates the relations between a carrier and
a holder of the same;
(c) "goods" includes goods, wares, merchandise and articles of every kind whatsoever, except live animals and cargo which
by the contract of carriage is stated as being carried on deck and is so carried;
(d) "ship" means any vessel used for the carriage of goods by water;
(e) "carriage of goods" covers the period from the time when the goods are loaded on to the time they are discharged from the ship.
Article II
Risks
Subject to the provisions of Article VI, under every contract of carriage of goods by water the carrier, in relation to the loading,
handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of such goods, shall be subject to the responsibilities
and liabilities and entitled to the rights and immunities hereinafter set forth.
Article III
Responsibilities and Liabilities
1. The carrier shall be bound, before and at the beginning of the voyage, to exercise due diligence to
(a) make the ship seaworthy;
(b) properly man, equip and supply the ship;
(c) make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their
reception, carriage and preservation.
2. Subject to the provisions of Article IV, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for and discharge
the goods carried.
3. After receiving the goods into his charge, the carrier, or the master or agent of the carrier, shall, on demand of the shipper, issue to
the shipper a bill of lading showing among other things
(a) the leading marks necessary for identification of the goods as the same are furnished in writing by the shipper before the loading
of such goods starts, provided such marks are stamped or otherwise shown clearly upon the goods if uncovered,
or on the cases or coverings in which such goods are contained, in such a manner as should ordinarily remain legible
until the end of the voyage;
(b) either the number of packages or pieces, or the quantity, or weight, as the case may be, as furnished in writing by the shipper;
(c) the apparent order and condition of the goods:
Provided that no carrier, master or agent of the carrier shall be bound to state or show in the bill of lading any marks, number, quantity,
or weight which he has reasonable ground for suspecting not accurately to represent the goods actually received or
which he has had no reasonable means of checking.
4. Such a bill of lading shall be prima facie evidence of the receipt by the carrier of the goods as therein described in accordance with
paragraphs 3(a), (b) and (c).
However, proof to the contrary shall not be admissible when the bill of lading has been transferred to a third party acting in good faith.
5. The shipper shall be deemed to have guaranteed to the carrier the accuracy at the time of shipment of the marks, number, quantity
and weight, as furnished by him, and the shipper shall indemnify the carrier against all loss, damages and expenses
arising or resulting from inaccuracies in such particulars. The right of the carrier to such indemnity shall in no way
limit his responsibility and liability under the contract of carriage to any person other than the shipper.
6. Unless notice of loss or damage and the general nature of such loss or damage be given in writing